How Does Scale Form?
Scale is a hard mineral deposit that forms on heat transfer surfaces and in piping, water heaters, showerheads, and other water using equipment. Most often it is found in hard water locations where a process such as heating and cooling occurs. As water flows over and permeates through rocks, it dissolves and brings into solution limestone, chalk, and marble. The more of these hard minerals the water takes into solution, the "harder" it becomes. A very common type of scale called calcium carbonate scale is formed by this hard water.

The maximum concentration of calcium carbonate, or any other substance, that will dissolve into a solution is called the saturation point. If water contains a higher concentration of these ions than the saturation point, it is considered supersaturated. In this supersaturated condition, these ions could be thought of as "barely hanging in the water."

How Does FREIJE Keep Scale from Forming?
Using advanced electronic technology, FREIJE treatment causes minerals to lose their ability to adhere to foreign surfaces. In Lab photo 2, the minerals of FREIJE treated water have lost their electrostatic surface charge as well as their ability to adhere to other surfaces and form scale.

Lab Photo 1

Lab Photo 2

Lab Photo 1: Untreated Water
Factors such as increase in temperature, decrease in pressure, or increase in pH or turbulence, cause a decrease in the solubility of minerals. Without FREIJE treatment, the mineral ions precipitate or come out of solution in the form shown in Lab Photo 1. These mineral ions have an electrostatic attraction to foreign surfaces and will easily form scale deposits on heat transfer surfaces, piping, water heaters, showerheads, and other water using equipment.

Lab Photo 2: FREIJE Treated Water
The FREIJE Series E technology sends an induced oscillating electric field into the water. This produces molecular agitation in the water causing the unstable mineral ions barely hanging in the water to come out of solution and combine with other mineral ions. A snowball effect is initiated resulting in the physical growth of these ions and the removal of their electrostatic charge. Because these larger ions do not have charges at their surface any longer, they float with the water and do not adhere to heat transfer surfaces, piping, water heaters, or other surfaces. As shown in Lab Photo 2, FREIJE treated minerals look disc-shaped rather than tree branch shaped as in Photo 1.

Can FREIJE Treatment Remove Existing Scale?
As shown in the photos below, FREIJE treated water will actually dissolve existing mineral deposits. (You can click on the pictures to see the full size image)

Water Heater	Before (1)	Before (2)	After FREIJE Treatment
This 80 gallon domestic water heater is from an apartment complex near Indianapolis, IN where the water is 24 grains hard. In 2.75 years, 5 inches of hard scale built on the heat transfer surface of the heater and the flues were bridged with scale. After FREIJE treatment began, the heater was opened every three months by the owner to check progress. After 15 months both the bottom and the flues were completely free of scale deposits as shown in the last picture.

With Chemical Treatment

After 8 Weeks of FREIJE Treatment

This Recold evaporative condenser coil (copper coil) is at a supermarket in Phoenix, AZ where the water is about 20 grains hard. This condenser had been treated for about 3 months with traditional chemical treatment and was covered with scale. The second picture above shows the same condenser coil 8 weeks after FREIJE treatment began. Only FREIJE technology was used to remove the scale (no chemicals). The length of time required to remove existing scale deposits depends on the water chemistry, the scale thickness and several other factors.